Cytotoxic t-cell epitopes from chlamydia

ABSTRACT

Cytotoxic T-cell epitopes from  C.pneumoniae  proteins have been empirically determined. The epitopes from corresponding  C.trachomatis  proteins have also been identified, and some of these are identical to those from  C.pneumoniae.  The empirical method showed that algorithmic prediction was inadequate. The epitopes are useful for immunisation and/or diagnosis.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention is in the field of cell-mediated immunity, particularly immunity against chlamydial infections, such as those caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

BACKGROUND ART

The Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells which are responsible for various diseases. They occupy an exclusive eubacterial phylogenic branch, having no close relationship to any other known organisms—they are classified in their own order (Chlamydiales) which contains a single family (Chlamydiaceae) which in turn contains a single genus (Chlamydia). Four species are currently known—C.trachomatis, C.pneumoniae, C.pecorum and C.psittaci.

The Chlamydia undergo a developmental cycle in which two functionally and morphologically different cell types can be recognized: the extracellular elementary body (EB) and the intracellular reticulate body (RB). The developmental cycle is initiated by endocytosis of an EB by a eukaryotic host cell. The bacteria remain within an intracellular vacuole and, shortly after internalization, EBs reorganize and differentiate into RBs, which actively multiply. Late in the cycle, logarithmic growth ceases as RBs begin to restructure into EBs, which are released upon lysis of the host cell.

Chlamydia pneumoniae (also known as Chlamydophila pneumoniae and, previously, as TWAR) causes infections of the respiratory tract. It has been estimated [1] that it is responsible for up to 10% of all cases of community-acquired pneumonia and 5% of bronchitis and sinusitis cases. Studies have also suggested a role for C.pneumoniae in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease [2].

The human serovariants (“serovars”) of C.trachomatis are divided into two biovariants (“biovars”). Serovars A-K elicit epithelial infections primarily in the ocular tissue (A-C) or urogenital tract (D-K). Serovars L1, L2 and L3 are the agents of invasive lymphogranuloma venereum. C.trachomatis is the leading cause of preventable infectious blindness (ocular trachoma) in the developing world and of sexually transmitted disease (“STD”) in the USA. Although antibiotic therapy can be effective, untreated or inadequately treated infections result in hundreds of thousands of cases of pelvic inflammatory disease each year in the USA.

Being intracellular, Chlamydia can generally evade antibody-mediated immune responses, and the importance of cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) during infections by obligate intracellular bacteria is being increasingly reported. In this context, induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) which are specific for peptides derived from the Major Outer Membrane protein (MOMP) of C.trachomatis has been described [3]. These CTLs are able to kill cervical epithelial cells infected by the pathogen, which suggests that immunisation with suitable CTL epitopes could represent a tool against this and closely related bacteria. Furthermore, activation of CMI responses is believed to be important for protective immunity against C.pneumoniae [4, 5, 6].

The identification of peptides derived from C.pneumoniae and C.trachomatis antigens which are able to bind to different classes of human class I MHC molecules will therefore be useful for the development of a CTL-based vaccine [e.g. references 7 & 8].

Genome sequences of C.pneumoniae [9, 10, 11, 12, 13] and C.trachomatis [12, 14, 15] are available. Although computer algorithms have been designed to predict T-cell epitopes from amino acid sequences [e.g. 16, 17, 18, 19], their predictions are not particularly accurate. For example, in a study carried out on human papillomavirus type 18 E6 antigen, only 8 out of 18 peptides identified by computer algorithms could actually bind to HLA-A0201 molecules [20].

It is an object of the invention to provide CTL epitopes from Chlamydia and to provide materials which can deliver these epitopes for immunisation.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based on the identification of 57 separate 9 mer cytotoxic T-cell epitopes from C.pneumoniae proteins (SEQ IDs 1-57; see Table 1). A preferred subset of these epitopes is SEQ IDs 1, 2, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49 & 50. A more preferred subset is SEQ IDs 10, 36, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49 & 50.

These 57 epitopes are fragments of 33 proteins (SEQ IDs 83-115) encoded within the genome of C.pneumoniae CWL029 [9] and are useful for preparing and investigating vaccines and for diagnostic assays. An empirical approach to epitopes identification showed that computer prediction is not adequate for finding T-cell epitopes within the C.pneumoniae genome. For example, of five epitopes predicted in ‘low calcium response protein D’, the epitope which was empirically shown to be the strongest binder was algorithmically predicted to be the weakest binder.

CTL epitopes from corresponding C.trachomatis proteins are shown in Table 3. Some of these are identical to the C.pneumoniae epitopes, but those which differ are given as SEQ IDs 58-82. These 25 epitopes are fragments of 26 proteins (SEQ IDs 116-141) encoded within the genome of C.trachomatis D/UW-3/CX [14].

T-cell epitopes which are shared by C.pneumoniae and C.trachomatis are particularly preferred. These can be used where inter-species reactivity is desirable.

New uses for Polypeptides of the Invention

The invention provides a polypeptide for use as an antigen, wherein the polypeptide comprises: (a) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 83-141; (b) an amino acid sequence having at least s % sequence identity to an amino acid sequence of (a); or (c) an amino acid sequence comprising both (i) a fragment of at least x amino acids from an amino acid sequence of (a) and (ii) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 1-82. Fragments (i) and (ii) may overlap.

The use as an antigen is preferably a use: (1) as a T-cell antigen; (2) for generating a complex between a class I MHC protein (e.g. a class I HLA) and a fragment of said antigen; (3) as an antigen for raising a cell-mediated immune response; and/or (4) as an antigen for raising a CTL response. The use preferably protects or treats disease and/or infection caused by a Chlamydia such as C.pneumoniae or C.trachomatis.

The invention provides the use of a polypeptide in the manufacture of a medicament for immunising a mammal (typically a human) against C.pneumoniae or C.trachomatis disease and/or infection, wherein the polypeptide is as defined above.

The invention provides a method of raising an immune response in a mammal (typically a human), comprising the step of administering to the mammal a polypeptide as defined above, wherein said immune response is a cell-mediated immune response and, preferably, a CTL response. The immune response is preferably protective or therapeutic.

These uses and methods of the invention are preferably used to prevent or treat a disease or infection caused by a Chlamydia (e.g. by C.pneumoniae or C.trachomatis). Diseases caused by C.pneumoniae include pneumonia, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, obstructive lung diseases (e.g. asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), reactive arthritis, otitis media, abdominal aortic aneurysm, erythema nodosum, Reiter syndrome, sarcoidosis and, possibly, CNS diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis [1, 21, 22, 23]. Diseases caused by C.trachomatis include lymphogranuloma venereum, ocular trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease, inclusion conjunctivitis, genital trachoma, infant pneumonitis, incipient trachoma, keratitis, papillary hypertrophy, corneal infiltration, vulvovaginitis, mucopurulent rhinitis, salpingitis, cervicitis, cervical follicles, prostatitis, proctitis, urethritis, lymphogranule inguinale, climatic bubo, tropical bubo, and esthiomene.

The uses and methods of the invention preferably elicit a CTL response at the genital mucosa.

The value of x is at least 7 (e.g. at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 etc.).

The value of s is preferably at least 50 (e.g. at least 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, 99.9 etc.). This includes variants of SEQ IDs 83-141 (e.g. allelic variants, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, mutants etc.) such as those disclosed in references 10 to 13.

Where the polypeptide is not one of SEQ IDs 83-141, it is preferred that it retains sufficient sequence identity to SEQ IDs 83-141 (or to fragments thereof) such that the activity of its T-cell epitope(s) is not inhibited.

Peptides Comprising T-cell Epitopes of the Invention

The invention provides a polypeptide having formula NH₂-A-B—C—COOH, wherein: A is a polypeptide sequence consisting of a amino acids; C is a polypeptide sequence consisting of c amino acids; B is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 1-82. The sequence of this polypeptide NH₂-A-B—C—COOH is not one of SEQ IDs 83-141.

The value of a is generally at least 1 (e.g. at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70,.80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 etc.). The value of c is generally at least 1 (e.g. at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 etc.). The values of a and c (i.e. the lengths of -A- and —C—) are preferably such that the presentation and/or recognition of the T-cell epitope of the invention is permitted or enhanced.

The value of a+c is at least 1 (e.g. at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 etc.). It is preferred that the value of a+c is at most 1000 (e.g. at most 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2).

The amino acid sequence of -A- typically shares less than m% sequence identity to the a amino acids which are N-terminal of sequence —B— in SEQ IDs 83-141, and the amino acid sequence of —C— typically shares less than n % sequence identity to the c amino acids which are C-terminal of sequence —B— in SEQ IDs 83-141. In general, the values of m and n are both 60 or less (e.g. 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 or less). The values of m and n may be the same as or different from each other.

It is preferred that the amino acid sequence of -A- and/or —C— should not interfere with the presentation and/or recognition of the T-cell epitope of the invention.

The amino acid sequence of -A- and/or —C— may comprise a proteolytic cleavage site. This may aid efficient processing and presentation of the epitopes [e.g. reference 24].

The amino acid sequence of -A- and/or —C— may comprise one or more helper T-cell epitopes [e.g. see refs. 25 & 26 for C.trachomatis epitopes]. This may assist in the activation of helper T-cells which may in turn assist in the generation of memory and effector T-cell populations.

The amino acid sequence of -A- and/or —C— may comprise a sequence which is known to be suitable for delivery into a cell (i.e. it can deliver the epitope of the invention to a cell). Such sequences are typically able to cross cellular membranes spontaneously. Suitable sequences include, but are not limited to: adenylate cyclase, such as that of B.pertussis [27, 28]; the homeodomain of Antennapedia molecule [29] or other ‘protein transduction domains’ [e.g. 30] such as Tat, VP22 or Pep-1; bacterial exotoxins, such as anthrax toxin, cholera toxin, E.coli heat-labile toxin, or their cellular binding domains; heat shock proteins e.g. hsp70 [31, 32], or adjuvant fragments thereof [33]; cell penetrating peptides [34]; and also sequences from proteins which assemble into particles (e.g. virus-like particles [e.g. 35, 36], papillomavirus coat proteins, filamentous phage, etc.). In the latter case, it is preferred that the sequence —B— is situated at a surface-loop of the particle.

The invention also provides a polypeptide having formula NH₂-A-(-B—C—)_(n)—COOH, wherein n is an integer of 2 or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 etc.) and the definitions of A, B and C are as defined above. These polypeptides contain n -B- moieties and —C— moieties. Each —B— moiety may be the same as or different from the others and the value of b may be the same or different for each —B— moiety. Each —C— moiety may be the same as or different from the others and the value of c may be the same or different for each —C— moiety. These polypeptides present multiple T-cell epitopes of the invention and/or multiple copies of the same T-cell epitope of the invention. The sequence NH₂-A-(-B—C—)_(n)—COOH is not one of SEQ IDs 83-141.

Polypeptides Including T-cell Epitopes, other than Polypeptides Consisting of SEQ IDs 83-141

The invention provides a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 1-82, with the proviso that the polypeptide does not consist of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 83-141.

This polypeptide is preferably less than y amino acids in length (e.g. less than y-1, y-2, y-3, y-4, y-5, y-6, y-7, y-8, y-9, y-10, y-15, y-20, y-25, y-30 etc.), where y is the length of SEQ ID b. The value of y will vary depending on the value of a, where SEQ ID a (1≦a≦82) is a fragment of SEQ ID b (83≦b≦141).

While the polypeptides of this invention do not include a peptide consisting only of one of the full length sequences of SEQ ID NOs 83-141, the polypeptides of this invention may include portions, fragments or derivatives of these sequences, in combination with the epitopes of SEQ ID NOs 1-82. In addition, the polypeptides of this invention may include polypeptides comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs 83-141, where these sequences are fused with one or more additional protein sequences, including, for instance the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs 1-82.

Variants of SEQ IDs 83-141, but Including the T-Cell Epitopes of the Invention

The invention provides a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide (a) has at least p % sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 83-141, and (b) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 1-82. The value of p is at least 50 (e.g. 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99 etc.), but is less than 100 (e.g. is less than 99.9, 99.5, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70 etc.)

This group of polypeptides includes variants of SEQ IDs 83-141 (e.g. allelic variants, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, mutants etc.) such as the corresponding sequences from references 10 to 15, but a T-cell epitope (SEQ IDs 1-57 & 58-82) within the wild-type C.pneumoniae (SEQ IDs 83-115) or C.trachomatis (SEQ IDs 116-141) sequence is retained without variation.

T-Cell Epitopes of the Invention

The invention provides a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 1-82. The polypeptide is preferably less than 80 amino acids in length (e.g. less than 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10 etc.).

The cell epitopes of the invention have been identified as 9 mers, but it is well-known that shorter peptides can interact with HLA molecules with high affinity (e.g. the 8 mers disclosed in reference 37) and so the invention also provides a polypeptide comprising a 7 or 8 amino acid fragment of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 1-82. The polypeptide is preferably less than 80 amino acids in length (e.g. less than 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11 etc.). There are three 7 mer fragments and two 8 mer fragments for each of SEQ IDs 1-82. If desired, these 7 mer and 8 mer sequences can be used according to the invention in place of the 9 mer sequences of SEQ IDs 1-82.

Similarly, if desired, 10 mer fragments of SEQ IDs 83-141 (i.e. SEQ IDs 1-82 plus one further C— or N-terminal amino acid from SEQ IDs 83-141) can be used according to the invention in place of the 9 mer sequences of SEQ IDs 1-82.

General Features of Polypeptides of the Invention

Polypeptides of the invention can be prepared in many ways e.g. by chemical synthesis (at least in part), by digesting longer polypeptides using proteases, by translation from RNA, by purification from cell culture (e.g. from recombinant expression), from the organism itself (e.g. isolation from Chlamydia), etc.

Polypeptides of the invention can be prepared in various forms (e.g. native, fusions, glycosylated, non-glycosylated etc.).

Polypeptides of the invention may be attached to a solid support.

Polypeptides of the invention may comprise a detectable label (e.g. a radioactive or fluorescent label, or a biotin label).

Polypeptides of the invention may comprise B cell epitopes in addition to T-cell epitopes [38].

Nucleic Acids of the Invention

The invention also provides nucleic acid comprising: (a) a nucleotide sequence which encodes a polypeptide of the invention; (b) a nucleotide sequence which has at least s % sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence of (a); or (c) both (i) a fragment of at least x nucleotides from a nucleotide sequence of (a) and (ii) a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more of SEQ IDs 1-82. Fragments (i) and (ii) may overlap.

The invention provides nucleic acid comprising sequences complementary to those described above (e.g. for antisense or probing purposes).

Nucleic acid according to the invention can be prepared in many ways e.g. by chemical synthesis (at least in part), from genomic or cDNA libraries, from the organism itself etc.

Nucleic acid of the invention can take various forms (e.g. single-stranded, double-stranded, linear, circular, vectors, primers, probes etc.).

The term “nucleic acid” includes DNA, RNA, and also their analogues, such as those containing modified backbones, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), DNA/RNA hybrids etc.

The invention also provides vectors comprising nucleotide sequences of the invention (e.g. expression vectors) and host cells transformed with such vectors.

The value of x is preferably at least 7 (e.g. at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 etc.).

The value of s is preferably at least 50 (e.g. at least 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, 99.9 etc.).

MHC Proteins

The invention provides a protein complex, wherein the complex comprises (a) a class I MHC protein; and (b) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 1-82. The polypeptide is preferably bound to the MHC protein's groove.

The MHC is preferably a human MHC (i.e. a HLA). The HLA may be a HLA-A, HLA-B or HLA-C protein. HLA-A is preferred, with HLA-A2 being particularly preferred.

The MHC is preferably non-covalently associated with β₂-microglobulin (β₃m). The MHC preferably includes two internal disulphide bonds.

The protein complex of the invention may be formed in vitro (e.g. by incubating a cell with a polypeptide of the invention) or in vivo (e.g. after administration of a polypeptide of the invention to a subject, followed by cellular processing of the polypeptide and its presentation in the context of a class I MHC protein). The protein complex may be located in vivo.

The invention also provides a cell (e.g. from a vertebrate, such as a mammal) comprising a class I MHC protein and a polypeptide as described above. The cell is preferably a human cell. The MHC protein is preferably located within a membrane in the cell (e.g. the cell membrane or the ER membrane). The cell may be located in vivo or in vitro.

The invention also provides a population of such cells.

T-Cells

The invention provides a cytotoxic T-cell which can bind to a T-cell epitope of the invention. The T-cell will generally have a T-cell receptor which recognises the T-cell epitope when it is presented by a target cell in the context of a class I MHC protein. The cytotoxic T-cell is preferably a memory cell or an effector cell. The cytotoxic T-cell is preferably CD8+. The cytotoxic T-cell may be located in vitro or in vivo. Transfer of such a T-cell into a host may be used to transfer immunity (“adoptive immunotheraphy”). Various methods can be used for obtaining and/or detecting T-cells of the invention, such as those described in reference 39.

The invention also provides a cellular complex, wherein the complex comprises a cytotoxic T-cell, a target cell which expresses a class I MHC protein (e.g. a HLA), and a T-cell epitope of the invention, wherein the target cell displays the T-cell epitope in the context of the class I MHC protein. The complex may be formed and/or located in vitro or in vivo.

The invention also provides a method for activating a naïve T-cell (also referred to as a virgin T-cell) comprising presenting a polypeptide of the invention to said T-cell. The method results in a cytotoxic T-cell. The method preferably involves clonal expansion of the naive T-cell. The method may involve mixing a naïve T-cell with a polypeptide of the invention and an antigen-presenting cell. The method may be performed in vitro or vivo.

The invention also provides a method for killing a target cell, comprising contacting the target cell with a T-cell of the invention. The target cell is preferably infected with a Chlamydia. The method may occur in vivo or in vitro.

The population of cells generated from T-cells which bind specifically to epitopes of the invention and which are activated by this interaction will be of two types: effector cells and memory cells. Effector cells are activated by epitopes of the invention to produce cytokines and kill infected cells. A proportion of effector cells can survive as memory cells. Memory cells are longer-lived and can be induced to generate new effector cell populations when the epitope is re-encountered, either by re-administration of epitopes of the invention or by infection by Chlamydia. The generation of memory and effector T-cell populations specific for epitopes of the invention may require the participation of helper T-cells which provide factors necessary for their growth and differentiation (e.g. cytokines, such as interleukin-2). The activation of helper T-cells can be achieved through a number of standard approaches. For example the epitope of invention may be joined to one or more helper T-cell epitopes [e.g. refs 25 & 26], or a helper T-cell epitopes could be co-delivered (e.g. by a nucleic acid vector).

The invention may involve the use of “artificial APC” [40] to drive expansion of T cells in vitro.

Compositions for Use According to the Invention

The invention provides a composition comprising (a) a polypeptide and/or a nucleic acid and/or a complex and/or a cell of the invention; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The composition will generally be an immunogenic composition, such as a vaccine.

Vaccines of the invention may be prophylactic (i.e. to prevent disease) or therapeutic (i.e. to reduce or eliminate disease symptoms). Vaccines of the invention may be based on polypeptide antigens, but the use of DNA vaccination is preferred [41, 42, 43, 44, 45 etc.] to facilitate intracellular expression of the epitopes. Vaccines of the invention will generally stimulate a specific CTL response via the presentation of the epitopes of the invention by host cells targeted by the vaccine. Effector CTLs generated by this approach are then primed to attack infected cells and produce cytokines and memory CTLs generated in this way provide a pool of cells for subsequent immune responses.

The compositions will generally include an “immunologically effective amount” of the polypeptides and/or nucleic acids of the invention i.e. an amount sufficient to raise a specific CTL response or, more preferably, an amount sufficient to treat, reduce, or prevent C.pneumoniae or C.trachomatis infection and/or disease symptoms. An immune response can be detected by using the experimental methods disclosed in the examples, or by monitoring symptoms of C.pneumoniae or C.trachomatis infection. Animal models of infection are available [e.g. p.458 of ref. 1].

The precise effective amount for a given patient will depend upon the patient's age, size, health, the nature and extent of the condition, the precise composition selected for administration, the patient's taxonomic group, the capacity of the patient's immune system, the degree of protection desired, the formulation of the composition, the treating physician's assessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors. Thus, it is not useful to specify an exact effective amount in advance, but the amount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials, and is within the judgement of the clinician. For purposes of the present invention, an effective dose will typically be from about 0.01 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg in the individual to which it is administered.

The compositions are formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier for administration of the antigens which does not itself induce the production of antibodies or other immune responses harmful to the individual receiving the composition, and which may be administered without undue toxicity. Suitable carriers may be large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and inactive virus particles. Such carriers are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be used therein, for example, mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulfates, and the like; and the salts of organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonates, benzoates, and the like. A thorough discussion of acceptable excipients is available in the well-known Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers in therapeutic compositions may contain liquids such as water, saline, glycerol and ethanol. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, may be present in such vehicles.

Immunogenic compositions (e.g. vaccines) may additionally comprise an adjuvant. For example, the composition may comprise one or more of the following adjuvants: (A) aluminium compounds (e.g. aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate, aluminium hydroxyphosphate, oxyhydroxide, orthophosphate, sulphate etc. [e.g. see chapters 8 & 9 of ref. 46]), or mixtures of different aluminium cmopounds, with the compounds taking any suitable form (e.g. gel, crystalline, amorphous etc.), and with adsorption being preferred; (B) MF59 (5% Squalene, 0.5% Tween 80, and 0.5% Span 85, formulated into submicron particles using a microfluidizer) [see Chapter 10 of ref. 46; see also ref. 47]; (C) liposomes [see Chapters 13 and 14 of ref. 46]; (D) ISCOMs [see Chapter 23 of ref. 46]; (E) SAF, containing 10% Squalane, 0.4% Tween 80, 5% pluronic-block polymer L121, and thr-MDP, either microfluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexed to generate a larger particle size emulsion [see Chapter 12 of ref. 46]; (F) Ribi™ adjuvant system (RAS), (Ribi Immunochem) containing 2% Squalene, 0.2% Tween 80, and one or more bacterial cell wall components from the group consisting of monophosphorylipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell wall skeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (Detox™); (G) saponin adjuvants, such as QuilA or QS21 [see Chapter 22 of ref. 46], also known as Stimulon™; (H) ISCOMs, which may be devoid of additional detergent [48]; (I) complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA); (J) cytokines, such as interleukins (e.g. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, etc.), interferons (e.g. interferon-γ), macrophage colony stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor, etc. [see Chapters 27 & 28 of ref. 46]; (K) microparticles [see above]; (L) monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) or 3-O-deacylated MPL (3dMPL) [e.g. chapter 21 of ref. 46]; (M) combinations of 3dMPL with, for example, QS21 and/or oil-in-water emulsions [49]; (N) oligonucleotides comprising CpG motifs [50] i.e. containing at least one CG dinucleotide, with 5-methylcytosine optionally being used in place of cytosine; (O) a polyoxyethylene ether or a polyoxyethylene ester [51]; (P) a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester surfactant in combination with an octoxynol [52] or a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether or ester surfactant in combination with at least one additional non-ionic surfactant such as an octoxynol [53]; (Q) an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (e.g. a CpG oligonucleotide) and a saponin [54]; (R) an immunostimulant and a particle of metal salt [55]; (S) a saponin and an oil-in-water emulsion [56]; (T) a saponin (e.g. QS21)+3dMPL+IL-12 (optionally+a sterol) [57]; (U) E.coli heat-labile enterotoxin (“LT”), or detoxified mutants thereof, such as the K63 or R72 mutants [e.g. Chapter 5 of ref. 58]; (V) cholera toxin (“CT”), or detoxified mutants thereof [e.g. Chapter 5 of ref. 58]; (W) microparticles (i.e. a particle of ˜100 nm to ˜150 μm in diameter, more preferably ˜200 nm to ˜30 μm in diameter, and most preferably ˜500 nm to ˜10 μm in diameter) formed from materials that are biodegradable and non-toxic (e.g. a poly(α-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxybutyric acid, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, a polycaprolactone etc.); (X) chitosan [e.g. 59]; and (Y) other substances that act as immunostimulating agents to enhance the effectiveness of the composition [e.g. see Chapter 7 of ref. 46]. Alum (especially aluminium phosphate and/or hydroxide) and MF59 are preferred adjuvants.

Immunogenic compositions may additionally comprise a polypeptide comprising a helper T-cell epitope and/or DNA encoding a polypeptide comprising a helper T-cell epitope.

The compositions are preferably sterile and/or pyrogen-free.

They will typically be buffered between pH 6 and pH 8 (e.g. at around pH 7).

Once formulated, the compositions contemplated by the invention can be (1) administered directly to a subject or (2) delivered ex vivo, to cells derived from the subject (e.g. as in ex vivo gene therapy). Direct delivery of the compositions will generally be accomplished by parenteral injection, e.g. subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously or intramuscularly, or to the interstitial space of a tissue. Other modes of administration include mucosal administration (e.g. oral, nasal or pulmonary), ocular, suppositories, and transdermal applications, needles, and gene guns or hyposprays. Electric in vivo administration is also useful for delivering T-cell epitopes [60]. Dosage treatment can be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule.

Another method for delivering a polypeptide of the invention is to use a live vector or delivery system e.g. an organism which expresses the polypeptide. An example is an attenuated strain of

Salmonella typhimurium, which may include a plasmid which encodes the polypeptide. Live attenuated strains of Chlamydia could also be used [44].

Methods for the ex vivo delivery and re-implantation of transformed cells into a subject are known in the art [e.g. ref. 61]. Examples of cells useful in ex vivo applications include, for example, stem cells, particularly hematopoetic, lymph cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, or Langerhans cells. Generally, delivery of nucleic acids for both ex vivo and in vitro applications can be accomplished by, for example, dextran-mediated transfection, calcium phosphate precipitation, polybrene-mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation, encapsulation of the polynucleotide(s) in liposomes, and direct microinjection of the DNA into nuclei, all well known in the art.

Systemic delivery of compositions of the invention can be used, but targeted delivery is preferred. Targeted delivery can avoid CTL responses being raised against non-relevant cells. Typical targets will be cells of the immune system (e.g. T-cells, APCs, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells etc.). Methods for targeted delivery are well known in the art. For instance, delivery may be targeted to receptors on target cells. Receptor-mediated DNA delivery techniques are described in references 62 to 67. Therapeutic compositions containing a polynucleotide are administered in a range of about 100 ng to about 200 mg of DNA for local administration in a gene therapy protocol. Concentration ranges of about 500 ng to about 50 mg, about 1 μg to about 2 mg, about 5 μg to about 500 μg, and about 20 μg to about 100 μg of DNA can also be used during a gene therapy protocol. Factors such as method of action (e.g. for enhancing or inhibiting levels of the encoded gene product) and efficacy of transformation and expression are considerations which will affect the dosage required for ultimate efficacy. Where greater expression is desired over a larger area of tissue, larger amounts or the same amounts re-administered in a successive protocol of administrations, or several administrations to different adjacent or close tissue portions may be required to effect a positive therapeutic outcome. In all cases, routine experimentation in clinical trials will determine specific ranges for optimal therapeutic effect.

Viral-based vectors for delivery of a desired polynucleotide and expression in a desired cell are well known in the art. Exemplary viral-based vehicles include, but are not limited to, recombinant retroviruses (e.g. references 68 to 78), alphavirus-based vectors (e.g. Sindbis virus vectors, Semliki forest virus (ATCC VR-67; ATCC VR-1247), Ross River virus (ATCC VR-373; ATCC VR-1246) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (ATCC VR-923; ATCC VR-1250; ATCC VR 1249; ATCC VR-532)), and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors (e.g. see refs. 79 to 84). Administration of DNA linked to killed adenovirus [85] can also be employed.

Non-viral delivery vehicles and methods can also be employed, including, but not limited to, polycationic condensed DNA linked or unlinked to killed adenovirus alone [e.g. 85], ligand-linked DNA [86], eukaryotic cell delivery vehicles cells [e.g. refs. 87 to 91] and nucleic charge neutralization or fusion with cell membranes. Naked DNA can also be employed. Exemplary naked DNA introduction methods are described in refs. 92 and 93. Liposomes that can act as gene delivery vehicles are described in refs. 94 to 98. Additional approaches are described in refs. 99 & 100.

Further non-viral delivery suitable for use includes mechanical delivery systems such as the approach described in ref. 100. Moreover, the coding sequence and the product of expression of such can be delivered through deposition of photopolymerized hydrogel materials or use of ionizing radiation [e.g. refs. 101 & 102]. Other conventional methods for gene delivery that can be used for delivery of the coding sequence include, for example, use of hand-held gene transfer particle gun [103] or use of ionizing radiation for activating transferred gene [101 & 102].

Diagnostic Methods

The polypeptides of the invention are also useful for diagnosis of infection by Chlamydia. This will typically involve the detection of T-cells which recognise the epitopes of the invention. For example, incubation of a polypeptide of the invention with T-cells from a blood sample will result in the activation and proliferation of specific CTLs in the sample. This activation and proliferation can be assayed for diagnostic purposes.

The invention also provides a method for diagnosing a Chlamydia infection in a patient, comprising incubating T-cells from the patient with a polypeptide of the invention and detecting the subsequent presence (infection) or absence (no infection) of T-cell proliferation.

The invention also provides a polypeptide or a T-cell of the invention for use in diagnosis.

Processes for Making Products of the Invention

The invention provides processes for preparing the above products.

The invention provides a process for producing a polypeptide of the invention, comprising the step of culturing a host cell of the invention under conditions which induce the expression of a polypeptide of the invention.

The invention provides a process for producing a polypeptide of the invention, wherein the polypeptide is prepared (at least in part) by chemical synthesis.

The invention provides a process for producing nucleic acid of the invention, wherein the nucleic acid is prepared (at least in part) by chemical synthesis.

The invention provides a process for producing a protein complex of the invention, comprising the step of contacting a class I MRC protein with a polypeptide of the invention, or a fragment thereof.

The invention provides a process for producing a protein complex of the invention, comprising the step administering a polypeptide of the invention, or a fragment thereof, to a subject. The process may comprise the further step of purifying the complex from the subject.

The invention provides a process for producing a composition comprising admixing a polypeptide and/or a nucleic acid of the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

Other Uses for T-Cell Epitopes of the Invention

As well as being specifically useful for Chlamydia immunisation, the T-cell epitopes of the invention can be used as general T-cell epitopes.

For example, the epitopes can be used to remove and/or down-regulate self-proteins as described in reference 104, by inserting the T-cell epitope into the sequence of a self protein, thereby rendering the self protein immunogenic. The modulated self-protein can be used as an auto-vaccine against undesirable proteins in humans or animals, the auto-vaccine being useful against a number of diseases e.g. cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, allergic symptoms, diabetes mellitus etc.

Techniques and Definitions

The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature eg. Sambrook Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition (1989); DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (D. N Glover ed. 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed, 1984); Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Transcription and Translation (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Animal Cell Culture (R. I. Freshney ed. 1986); Immobilized Cells and Enzymes (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning (1984); the Methods in Enzymology series (Academic Press, Inc.), especially volumes 154 & 155; Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller & M. P. Calos eds. 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Mayer & Walker, eds. (1987), Immunochemical Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology (Academic Press, London); Scopes, (1987) Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, Second Edition (Springer-Verlag, N.Y.), and Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV (Weir & Blackwell eds 1986).

The term “comprising” means “including” as well as “consisting”, so a composition “comprising” X may consist exclusively of X or may include something additional e.g. X+Y.

A composition containing X is “substantially free” from Y when at least 85% by weight of the total X+Y in the composition is X. Preferably, X comprises at least 90% by weight of the total of X+Y in the composition, more preferably at least ˜95% or even 99% by weight.

References to a percentage sequence identity between two nucleic acid sequences mean that, when aligned, that percentage of bases are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in section 7.7.18 of reference 105. A preferred alignment program is GCG Gap (Genetics Computer Group, Wisconsin, Suite Version 10.1), preferably using default parameters, which are as follows: open gap=3; extend gap=1.

References to a percentage sequence identity between two amino acid sequences means that, when aligned, that percentage of amino acids are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in section 7.7.18 of reference 105. A preferred alignment is determined by the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, BLOSUM matrix of 62. The Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm is disclosed in reference 106.

The term “T-cell” refers to lymphocyte cells which mature in the thymus and which express CD3 and a T-cell receptor. It includes naïve cells, memory cells and effector cells. The invention relates to cytotoxic T-cells i.e. T-cells which can cause the lysis of a target cell which displays a T-cell epitope of the invention within a class I MHC molecule. Cytotoxic T-cells are generally CD8+.

The term “T cell epitope” refers to a polypeptide which is recognised by a T-cell receptor. The epitope will generally be recognised by the T-cell receptor when it is displayed in the context of a MHC molecule on the surface of a target cell. The epitope will generally be a fragment of a Chlamydia protein. Class I MHC epitopes are usually 8 to 10 amino acids in length. Epitopes of the invention can preferably activate cytotoxic T-cells when presented by class I MHC proteins.

The term “cell-mediated response” refers generally to an immune response which is mediated by the cellular immune system rather than the humoral immune system. The response is provided by the direct action of immune cells (such as effector T lymphocytes) rather than by the production of soluble molecules such as antibodies.

The term “cytotoxic T-cell response” refers to an immune response in which cytotoxic T cells act against host (self) cells which display a T-cell epitope. The T-cell epitope is presented by the host cell in the context of a class I MHC molecule and is recognised by the T-cell receptor on the CTL.

The term “allelic variant” refers to any one of a series of two or more different genes that occupy the same position (locus) on a chromosome.

The term “homolog” refers to a sequence which is related to a reference sequence by having evolved from a common ancestor. For example, all globin genes are homologs.

The term “ortholog” refers to a sequence which is related to a reference sequence by having evolved from a single common ancestral gene. For example, the human and mouse β-globin genes are orthologs.

The term “paralog” refers to a sequence which is related to a reference sequence by having arisen from a common ancestor by duplication and subsequent divergence. For example, the human α-globin and β-globin genes are paralogs.

The term “mutant” refers to a sequence which differs from a reference sequence by having one or more differences (mutations). This may be a substitution, a deletion, or an insertion. The mutant may or may not have a functional effect.

It is preferred that one or more of the differences in allelic variants, homologs, orthologs, paralogs or mutants of the invention, compared to SEQ IDs 83-141, involves a conservative amino acid replacement i.e. replacement of one amino acid with another which has a related side chain.

Genetically-encoded amino acids are generally divided into four families: (1) acidic i.e. aspartate, glutamate; (2) basic i.e. lysine, arginine, histidine; (3) non-polar i.e. alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan; and (4) uncharged polar i.e. glycine, asparagine, glutamine, cystine, serine, threonine, tyrosine. Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine are sometimes classified jointly as aromatic amino acids. In general, substitution of single amino acids within these families does not have a major effect on the biological activity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 to 3 show FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) results obtained using HLA-A2-transfected cells, showing binding of specific peptides at one of the three peptide concentrations tested. The results are also described in Table 2. Results at all three concentrations (100 μM, 10 μM, 1 μM peptide) are represented in FIG. 4, which shows ΔMean values. Values are indicated above bars. Bars are clustered in threes, with the left-most bar being the value obtained with 100 μM peptide, the middle bar being 10 μM peptide, and the right-most bar being 1 μM peptide. The single empty column at the extreme left shows the relevant peptide-free control.

FIG. 5 shows FACS analysis of RMS/A2 cells treated with 100 μM IMa. The Mean1 value was 593 and the Mean2 value was 652, giving a ΔMean of 59.

FIG. 6 shows results of Elispot analysis with CH6, CH7, CH10, CH13 and CH58.

MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

T-cell Epitope Prediction

The amino acid sequences of proteins can be analysed by algorithms which aim to predict peptide sequences which can bind to human class I HLA molecules. The computer algorithm BIMAS [17], which ranks potential MHC binders according to the predictive half-time dissociation of peptide/MHC complexes, was used for peptide prediction. In the case of peptides which were predicted to bind to class I HLA-A2, peptides with a BIMAS score higher than 150 were selected. Two known HLA-A2 restricted CTL epitopes were used as positive controls—the HIV-1 p17 gag peptide [107] and the influenza matrix M1 protein peptide FluMP58 [108]. Hepatitis B virus envelope antigen peptide HbenvAg125 was used as a negative control as this does not bind to HLA A2 [109].

Cell Lines Used to Test Peptide Binding to Class I HLA Proteins

Binding of peptides to class I HLA proteins can be tested using the murine T lymphoma cell line RMA-S [110, 111, 112], stably transfected with different HLA genes (RMA-S stably expressing HLA A2 is referred to as ‘RMA-S/A2’). This cell line is deficient for the transporter of antigen presentation (TAP) which normally translocates peptides from the cytosol to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, facilitating peptide binding to class I MHC. Consequently, RMA-S cells show a decreased expression of class I molecules at the cell surface, which can be rescued by binding specific high-affinity peptides or by growth at a temperature below 30° C.

Plasmids were transfected into 10⁷ RMA-S cells either by electroporation (250 mV, 500 μF (Bio Rad Gene Pulser™) with 10 μg of either supercoiled or linearised class I DNA) or by Lipofectamine reagent (87 μL; Gibco, using manufacturer's protocols). Transfected cells were selected with 0.5 mg/ml G418 (Gibco) for approximately two weeks. Stably transfected cells were incubated overnight at 26° C. in humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere and HLA expression was monitored by staining the cells with anti-HLA MAbs, followed by reaction with PE-conjugated anti-mouse IgG. HLA A2 expression was evaluated by using the anti-A2 specific BB7.2 monoclonal antibody [113,114].

Fluorescence intensity was analyzed by flow cytometry and HLA highly expressing cells were sorted and directly cloned into 96 well plates by using a FACSVantageSE (Becton Dickinson). HLA expression of expanded clones was tested and clones with highest expression level were sorted once more and recloned into 96 well plates.

Peptide-Binding Assay

To test the binding of peptides to HLA A2 molecules, the following protocol was used. This can be used, with minor adaptations, to test binding to other HLA proteins.

TAP deficient RMA-S/A2 cells (3-5×10⁵/well) were seeded in serum-free RPMI medium, supplemented with human β2 microglobulin (3 μg, Sigma), with or without the peptide to be tested (1, 10 or 100 μM). Following overnight incubation at 26° C. in humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere, cells were shifted to 37° C. for 1-2 hours before determining the HLA A2 expression level at the cell surface. HLA A2 expression was monitored by staining the cells with BB7.2, followed by reaction with PE-conjugated anti-mouse IgG. Fluorescence intensity on living cells, which do not incorporate propidium iodide, was analyzed by flow cytometry.

As controls, corresponding samples without peptide and with the different peptide concentrations, were treated only with the anti-mouse secondary antibody. The difference of the mean values between each sample and the corresponding control (ΔMean) quantified the A2 expression level.

Stabilisation of HLA molecules due to peptide binding, was expected to result into a higher HLA specific signal when cells were shifted to 37° C. Consequently, the comparison between the ΔMean of a cell population incubated with a given peptide and the ΔMean of the cell population incubated without any peptide should express the increase of the A2 expression level due to peptide binding.

The peptides selected for binding to HLA A2, in addition to negative (HepB) and positive (GAG and IMa) controls peptides are listed in Table 1.

Flow cytometric analysis of RMA-S/A2 cell populations treated with a set of the tested peptides, without (Mean1) and with the anti-A2 specific antibody (Mean2), is shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 (see also Table 2). The experiments were carried out using 100, 10 and 1 μM concentrations for each peptide, but FIGS. 1 to 3 and Table 2 give data only for the concentration which exhibited the highest HLA A2 ΔMean value (i.e. the highest expression level). Graphs of ΔMean values obtained in the same experiments with the peptides at all three concentrations are shown in FIG. 4. For the FIG. 1 experiment, the differences between the highest ΔMean of the GAG and IMa positive control peptides and the highest delta mean of the negative control HepB peptide were 142 and 96 respectively. For the FIG. 2 experiment, the same values were 94 and 52. For the FIG. 3 experiment they were also 94 and 52.

Living cell populations were determined by treating the sample with propidium iodide.

On the basis of these data, at least peptides CH1, CH2, CH4, CH5, CH6, CH7, CH8, CH10, CH13, CH15, CH17, CH20, CH21, CH22, CH24, CH27, CH28, CH29, CH30, CH31, CH32, CH34, CH35, CH37, CH38, CH39, CH40, CH41, CH42, CH43, CH45, CH48, CH50, CH52, CH53, CH54, CH55 and CH56 bind to HLA A2.

Very low ΔMean values obtained with high concentrations of some peptides (i.e. IMa, CH3 and CH7) reflect a non-homogeneous cellular distribution of the fluorescent signal most likely due to non-specific effects. An example of such effect is represented in FIG. 5, which shows the flow cytometric results obtained with cells treated with 100 μM IMa.

DNA Immunisation and ELISpot

Full-length C.pneumoniae and C.trachomatis genes encoding the polypeptides which contain CTL epitopes were amplified by PCR using the primers in Table 4 and cloned into plasmid expression vector pCMVKASF2-120, from which the gp120 sequence had been previously excised by treatment with NheI and SalI restriction enzymes. The chlamydial sequences were thus downstream of the tPA signal sequence.

The plasmids were used for DNA immunisation of transgenic mice expressing the human HLA-A2 gene [115] which express a chimeric class I molecule composed of the α1 and α2 domains of HLA-A2.1 and the α3 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of H-2K^(b).

Mice were immunised at days 0, 21 and 35 by intramuscular injection of 50pg endotoxin-free recombinant plasmid DNA. One week after the third immunisation, the animals were sacrificed, spleens were removed and CD8+ cells were purified by means of CD8α(Ly-2) Microbeads and LS Separation Columns following the technical procedures described by Miltenyi Biotec™. These CD8⁺ cells were tested by Elispot assay to detect cells which secrete IFN-γ in response to given peptides. The Elispot procedure was as follows:

-   -   1. 96-well nitrocellulose plates are coated with 5 μg/ml         anti-mouse IFN-γ in 100 μl carbonate buffer, pH 9.2. Cover plate         with lid and incubate overnight (o.n.) at 4° C.     -   2. Discard coating antibody. Rinse plates 3 times with PBS (200         ρl per rinse). Shake excess liquid from plate and pat bottom of         plate with dry absorbent paper.     -   3. Add 200 μl blocking solution (PBS-BSA 1%) to each well to         saturate remaining binding sites and incubate 2 hours at 37° C.         (or o.n. at 4° C.).     -   4. Discard blocking solution, wash plate 3 times with PBS (200         μl per rinse). Shake excess liquid from plate and pat bottom of         plate with dry absorbent paper.     -   5. Add 100 μl complete medium and incubate 10 minutes at room         temperature. Discard liquid and pat bottom of plate with dry         absorbent paper.     -   6. Add cells (5×10⁴ CD8⁺ from immunised transgenic mice and         2×10⁵ irradiated spleen cells from non-immunised transgenic         mice) with complete medium supplemented with the tested peptide         (5, 10 or 20 μg/ml) and IL-2 (10 units/ml).     -   7. Incubate 20-24 hours in a humidified 37° C., 5% CO₂         incubator.     -   8. Take off medium, add 200 μl per wash of ice-cold distilled         water and incubate on ice for 10 minutes. Then wash ten times in         wash buffer (PBS-Tween 0.05%), 2001 per wash. Shake excess         liquid from plate and pat bottom of plate with dry absorbent         paper.     -   9. To detect IFN-γ spots, add 1 μg/ml biotinylated anti mouse         IFN-γ in 100 μl in Elispot dilution buffer (PBS-BSA 1%) and         incubate 2 hours at 37° C.     -   10. Wash plate 3 times with wash buffer (PBS-Tween 0.05%), 200         μl per wash and 3 times with PBS without Tween (200 μl). Shake         excess liquid from plate and pat bottom of plate with dry         absorbent paper.     -   11. Add 100 μl 1:2000 dilution of alkaline phosphatase-coupled         avidin in PBS-BSA 1% (Sigma). Incubate 1 hour at 37° C.     -   12. Wash plate 3 times with wash buffer (PBS-Tween 0.05%),         2001il per wash and 3 times with PBS without Tween (200 μl).         Shake excess liquid from plate and pat bottom of plate with dry         absorbent paper.     -   13. Spots of IFN-μ secreting cells are visualised by adding 50         μl of the ready-to-use substrate BCIP/NBT (Sigma) dissolved in         water. The reaction is stopped after 45 minutes at 37° C. by         several washes with distilled water.

The results obtained by testing different peptides at different concentrations with spleen cells of DNA immunised transgenic mice are reported in Table 5 and FIG. 6. Peptides CH6, CH7, CH10, CH13 and CH58 induce a number of IFN-γ secreting CD8⁺ well above background levels.

Comparison of Computer Prediction with Empirical Results

The empirical results show that computer prediction is not adequate for finding T-cell epitopes. For example, some peptides with high algorithmic scores do not seem to bind (e.g. CH12, CH14, CH16, CH18, CH19, CH33, CH36; i.e. SEQ IDs 51 to 57 are not preferred epxtopes of the invention) and others with low score (e.g. GAG) seem to bind better or as well as others with much higher scores (e.g. CH4 and CH2).

Peptides CH41, CH43, CH48, CH50, CH52, CH54, CH55 and CH56 all show a BIMAS score of <400 but are positive in the binding assay. The results with these peptides thus run contrary to the algorithmic predictions. Indeed, of five epitopes predicted in protein 4376601 (CH44 to CH48; SEQ IDs 41 to 45), the weakest epitope by the algorithmic approach (CH48) was the strongest epitope using the binding assay, with binding comparable to that of the epitope predicted by the algorithm to be the strongest epitope (CH2; SEQ ID 2).

Furthermore, although the percentage of the predicted peptides which are positive in the test with A2 expressing cells is high (74%), this percentage is expected to be lower in the case of peptides which are predicted to bind to other haplotypes, for which fewer data are available which, in turn, will render the prediction less reliable.

CH58 peptide has a BIMAS score of less than 300 and gave negative results in the in vitro binding assay with RMA-S/A2 cells, but was strongly positive in the in vivo IFN-γ CD8⁺ assay.

It will be understood that the invention has been described by way of example only and modifications may be made whilst remaining within the scope and spirit of the invention. TABLE 1 C. pneumoniae T-cell epitopes of the invention 1st residue in SEQ Full-length sequence Annotation for full-length C. pneumoniae full-length Code ID 9mer epitope (GenBank) sequence (taken from GenBank) sequence CH1 1 QLLDEGKEL 4376600 (SEQ ID 83) Yop proteins translocation protein U 315 CH2 2 ILLNEVPYV 4376601 (SEQ ID 84) Low calcium response protein D 433 CH3 3 VLNLFFSAL 4376602 (SEQ ID 85) Low calcium response protein E 343 CH4 4 QLLESLAPL 4376603 (SEQ ID 86) Secretion chaperone 7 CH5 5 SILELLQFV 4377005 (SEQ ID 87) Probable Yop proteins translocation protein 271 CH6 6 YLLEEIYTV 4377123 (SEQ ID 88) Low calcium response protein H 79 CH7 7 YMDNNLFYV 4377135 (SEQ ID 89) Yop proteins translocation protein T 83 CH8 8 FLTLAWWFI 4377135 (SEQ ID 89) Yop proteins translocation protein T 254 CH10 9 GLTEEIDYV 4377140 (SEQ ID 90) Yop proteins translocation protein J 214 CH12 51 WLVFFNPFV 4377352 (SEQ ID 91) Low calcium response locus protein H 79 CH13 11 YVFDRILKV 4376998 (SEQ ID 92) Outer membrane protein A 69 CH14 52 VMLIFEKKV 4376696 (SEQ ID 93) CT2 66 hypothetical protein 406 CH15 13 YLTSYSPYV 4376727 (SEQ ID 94) Polymorphic outer membrane protein G/I family 1270 CH16 53 VQLAYVFDV 4377287 (SEQ ID 95) Putative outer membrane protein D family 1530 CH17 15 ILQEAEQMV 4377033 (SEQ ID 96) 76 kDa homolog_1 308 CH18 54 IALLVIFFV 4376456 (SEQ ID 97) Similar to CT119 IncA 71 CH19 55 LLLTLGYAV 4376727 (SEQ ID 94) Polymorphic outer membrane protein G/I family 1327 CH20 18 ALMLLNNYV 4376260 (SEQ ID 98) Polymorphic outer membrane protein G family 146 CH21 19 TLWGSFVDV 4376731 (SEQ ID 99) Polymorphic outer membrane protein G/I family 614 CH22 20 WLFDLRFSV 4376830 (SEQ ID 100) Polymorphic membrane protein B family 1566 CH24 21 LIQETLLFV 4376273 (SEQ ID 101) Predicted omp 490 CH27 22 KLFTPFFTT 4376878 (SEQ ID 102) 2-component sensor 304 CH28 23 RLLEIIWGV 4376854 (SEQ ID 103) CHLPS 43 kDa protein homolog_1 45 CH29 24 YLMQKLQNV 4377101 (SEQ ID 104) CT 590 hypothetical protein 288 CH30 25 FLQRGESFV 4377102 (SEQ ID 105) CT 589 hypothetical protein 520 CH31 26 WLLRDDWLL 4376265 (SEQ ID 106) hypothetical 401 CH32 27 KLWEWLGYL 4376295 (SEQ ID 107) hypothetical 187 CH33 56 LLMLAISLV 4376395 (SEQ ID 108) hypothetical 68 CH34 29 KLLKDHFDL 4376396 (SEQ ID 109) hypothetical 201 CH35 30 ILSFLPWLV 4376437 (SEQ ID 110) hypothetical 56 CH36 57 LLLIFNNYL 4376439 (SEQ ID 111) hypothetical 149 CH37 32 YLLDFRWPL 4376482 (SEQ ID 112) hypothetical 126 CH38 33 NLLKRWQFV 4376627 (SEQ ID 113) hypothetical 374 CH39 34 FLLRHLSSV 4376630 (SEQ ID 114) hypothetical 378 CH40 35 KLLAFPAFA 4376468 (SEQ ID 115) Oligopeptide binding protein 153 CH41 36 KLSEQLEAL 4376456 (SEQ ID 97) Similar to CT119 IncA 162 CH42 37 KVLLGQEWV 4376456 (SEQ ID 97) Similar to CT119 IncA 214 CH43 38 NLAEQVTAL 4376456 (SEQ ID 97) Similar to CT119 IncA 315 CH44 39 YVVGFIIFL 4376601 (SEQ ID 84) Low calcium response protein D 123 CH45 40 WMMGVVLMI 4376601 (SEQ ID 84) Low calcium response protein D 32 CH46 41 NLSISVFLL 4376601 (SEQ ID 84) Low calcium response protein D 56 CH47 42 VIQAFGDFV 4376601 (SEQ ID 84) Low calcium response protein D 110 CH48 43 YLALDPDSV 4376601 (SEQ ID 84) Low calcium response protein D 635 CH49 44 KMSHFQQAL 4376696 (SEQ ID 93) CT2 66 hypothetical protein 149 CH50 45 SLCAQSSYV 4376727 (SEQ ID 94) Polymorphic outer membrane protein G/I family 1187 CH51 46 NLSRQAFFA 4376727 (SEQ ID 94) Polymorphic outer membrane protein G/I family 1360 CH52 47 SLLEEHPVV 4377287 (SEQ ID 95) Putative outer membrane protein D family 678 CH53 48 NLWSHYTDL 4377287 (SEQ ID 95) Putative outer membrane protein D family 1302 CH54 49 ALWKENQAL 4377287 (SEQ ID 95) Putative outer membrane protein D family 377 CH55 50 ALWGHNVLL 4377287 (SEQ ID 95) Putative outer membrane protein D family 568 CH56 10 NLAGGILSV 4377287 (SEQ ID 95) Putative outer membrane protein D family 333 CH57 12 FVSKFWFSL 4377352 (SEQ ID 91) Low calcium response locus protein H 86 CH58 14 SITVFRWLV 4377352 (SEQ ID 91) Low calcium response locus protein H 73 CH59 16 YLIVFVLTI 4376395 (SEQ ID 108) Hypothetical 58 CH60 17 VMLFIGLGV 4376395 (SEQ ID 108) Hypothetical 42 CH61 28 VLFLLIRSV 4376395 (SEQ ID 108) Hypothetical 76 CH62 31 FLFQLGMQI 4376696 (SEQ ID 93) CT2 66 hypothetical protein 397

TABLE 2 FACS results for HLA A2 binding assay FACS data Antigen BIMAS (Figure Concentration FACS result Peptide score number) (μM) Mean 1 Mean 2 Δ Mean High - B None — 1(i) — 187 380 193 — 2(i) — 157 311 154 — 3(i) — 131 282 151 — HepB — 1(ii) 100 197 138 246 — 1(iii) 10 201 426 225 — 1(iv) 1 193 416 223 — 2(ii) 100 146 300 154 — 2(iii) 10 147 295 148 — 2(iv) 1 157 292 135 — 3(ii) 100 120 265 145 — 3(iii) 10 118 274 156 — 3(iv) 1 114 274 160 — GAG 157.22 1(v) 100 184 572 388 — 1(vi) 10 194 555 361 — 1(vii) 1 187 443 256 — 2(v) 100 142 387 245 — 2(vi) 10 147 350 203 — 2(vii) 1 155 286 131 — 3(v) 100 111 365 254 — 3(vi) 10 114 327 213 — 3(vii) 1 117 281 164 — IMa 550.927 1(viii) 10 222 564 342 — 1(ix) 1 197 487 290 — 2(viii) 10 182 387 205 — 2(ix) 1 159 304 145 — 3(viii) 10 131 343 212 — 3(ix) 1 123 290 167 — CH1 324.06 1(x) 100 206 489 283 37 CH2 5534.14 1(xi) 10 264 636 372 133 CH3 262.20 1(xii) 1 195 419 224 0 CH4 745.35 1(xiii) 100 212 516 304 58 CH5 1835.22 1(xiv) 10 179 477 298 71 CH6 11162.99 1(xv) 10 198 574 376 130 CH7 6781.36 1(xvi) 10 203 551 348 102 CH8 3365.36 1(xvii) 1 204 532 328 82 CH10 1767.58 1(xviii) 10 202 587 385 139 CH12 6686.72 1(xix) 1 204 415 211 0 CH13 976.76 1(xxvii) 100 217 582 365 119 CH14 1200.64 1(xx) 100 197 455 258 12 CH15 1759.66 1(xxi) 100 235 557 322 76 CH16 591.70 1(xxii) 100 201 433 232 0 CH17 484.77 1(xxiii) 100 185 571 386 140 CH18 445.806 1(xxiv) 10 198 428 230 0 CH19 437.482 1(xxv) 100 196 436 240 0 CH20 1415.383 1(xxvi) 100 194 578 384 138 CH21 1096.835 2(x) 100 165 440 275 121 CH22 28150.17 2(xi) 10 163 390 227 73 CH24 843.21 2(xii) 100 165 394 229 75 CH27 1063.467 1(xxviii) 100 202 540 338 93 CH28 18200.541 2(xiii) 10 158 390 232 78 CH29 2722.683 2(xiv) 100 153 418 265 111 CH30 759.666 2(xv) 100 155 398 243 89 CH31 2726.91 2(xvi) 100 165 408 243 89 CH32 4184.21 2(xvii) 10 161 378 217 63 CH33 1006.209 2(xviii) 1 164 318 154 0 CH34 1604.53 2(xix) 100 155 390 235 81 CH35 886.788 2(xx) 10 171 411 240 86 CH36 2808.322 2(xxi) 1 163 301 138 −16 CH37 42485.263 2(xxii) 10 164 402 238 84 CH38 2406.151 2(xxiii) 100 170 397 227 73 CH39 2722.683 2(xxiv) 100 164 410 246 92 CH40 1344.614 1(xxix) 100 214 555 341 96 CH41 345.482 3(x) 100 162 423 261 101 CH42 212.396 3(xi) 100 136 336 200 40 CH43 201.447 3(xii) 100 153 439 286 126 CH44 413.323 3(xiii) 10 150 341 191 31 CH45 294.957 3(xiv) 10 147 358 211 51 CH46 284.974 3(xv) 100 131 303 172 12 CH47 166.496 3(xvi) 10 125 302 177 17 CH48 156.77 3(xvii) 100 148 451 303 143 CH49 205.198 3(xviii) 100 134 317 183 23 CH50 382.536 3(xix) 100 130 381 251 91 CH51 158.479 3(xx) 100 132 311 179 19 CH52 432.593 3(xxi) 100 147 396 249 89 CH53 265.962 3(xxii) 100 141 350 209 48 CH54 177.308 3(xxiii) 100 140 391 251 91 CH55 177.308 3(xxiv) 100 153 411 258 98 CH56 159.970 3(xxv) 100 143 383 240 80 CH57 322.164 3(xxvi) 1 127 270 143 −17 CH58 272.557 3(xxvii) 10 155 300 145 −15 CH59 419.44 3(xxviii) 10 150 273 123 −37 CH60 315.959 3(xxix) 10 148 281 133 −27 CH61 201.242 3(xxx) 1 135 258 123 −37 CH62 177.566 3(xxxi) 100 126 305 179 19 ‘Mean 1’ is the mean of the cell population treated with peptide and only the anti-mouse secondary antibody. ‘Mean 2’ is the mean of the cell population treated with peptide, anti-A2 specific Mab (BB7.2) and anti-mouse secondary antibody. ‘ΔMean’ is the difference between these two means, reflecting the A2 expression level. ‘High - B’ is the difference between the ΔMean obtained with the peptide and the highest ΔMean obtained with the HepB negative control peptide in the same experiment. The FACS data for CH1 to CH62 can be seen in the drawings as indicated in the third column

TABLE 3 C. trachomatis T-cell epitopes of the invention SEQ C. pneumoniae SEQ C. trachomatis Full-length C. pneumoniae Full-length C. trachomatis Code ID epitope ID epitope(s) protein protein (GenBank) CH1 1 QLLDEGKEL identical SEQ ID 83 3328487 (SEQ ID 139) CH2 2 ILLNEVPYV identical SEQ ID 84 3328486 (SEQ ID 136) CH3 3 VLNLFFSAL — SEQ ID 85 CH4 4 QLLESLAPL 58 QLLEGLDEL SEQ ID 86 3328616 (SEQ ID 116) CH5 5 SILELLQFV identical SEQ ID 87 3329125 (SEQ ID 140) CH6 6 YLLEEIYTV 59 VLLEEIYTV SEQ ID 88 3329018 (SEQ ID 117) CH7 7 YMDNNLFYV — SEQ ID 89 CH8 8 FLTLAWWFI identical SEQ ID 89 3329005 (SEQ ID 141) CH10 9 GLTEEIDYV — SEQ ID 90 CH12 51 WLVFFNPFV — SEQ ID 91 CH13 11 YVFDRILKV 60 FVFDRVLKT SEQ ID 92 3329133 (SEQ ID 118) CH14 52 VMLIFEKKV — SEQ ID 93 CH15 13 YLTSYSPYV — SEQ ID 94 CH16 53 VQLAYVFDV — SEQ ID 95 CH17 15 ILQEAEQMV — SEQ ID 96 CH18 54 IALLVIFFV — SEQ ID 97 CH19 55 LLLTLGYAV — SEQ ID 94 CH20 18 ALMLLNNYV — SEQ ID 98 CH21 19 TLWGSFVDV — SEQ ID 99 CH22 20 WLFDLRFSV 61 WLADLRISM SEQ ID 100 3328841 (SEQ ID 119) CH24 21 LIQETLLFV 62 LIQELPLKV SEQ ID 101 3329257 (SEQ ID 120) CH27 22 KLFTPFFTT 63 KLFIPFFTT SEQ ID 102 3328901 (SEQ ID 121) CH28 23 RLLEIIWGV — SEQ ID 103 CH29 24 YLMQKLQNV — SEQ ID 104 CH30 25 FLQRGESFV — SEQ ID 105 CH31 26 WLLRDDWLL 64 LLLRDDIKL SEQ ID 106 3328404 (SEQ ID 122) 65 FLLRAPWLL 3328600 (SEQ ID 123) CH32 27 KLWEWLGYL — SEQ ID 107 CH33 56 LLMLAISLV — SEQ ID 108 CH34 29 KLLKDHFDL 66 KLLNDRFPL SEQ ID 109 3328716 (SEQ ID 124) CH35 30 ILSFLPWLV 67 ILSSLYSLV SEQ ID 110 3328409 (SEQ ID 125) 68 ILSLLPMIV 3328914 (SEQ ID 126) CH36 57 LLLIFNNYL — SEQ ID 111 CH37 32 YLLDFRWPL — SEQ ID 112 CH38 33 NLLKRWQFV 69 RLLKRKQFV SEQ ID 113 3329249 (SEQ ID 127) CH39 34 FLLRHLSSV 70 VLLRNLSAV SEQ ID 114 3328517 (SEQ ID 128) 71 ILLRHGQSV 3329179 (SEQ ID 129) CH40 35 KLLAFPAFA 72 VLLALIAFA SEQ ID 115 3328402 (SEQ ID 130) CH41 36 KLSEQLEAL 73 RLSKQLENL SEQ ID 97 3328413 (SEQ ID 131) 74 KLSEGLKVL 3328721 (SEQ ID 132) 75 NLSYPLEAL 3328858 (SEQ ID 133) CH42 37 KVLLGQEWV 76 KVLSGDESV SEQ ID 97 3329138 (SEQ ID 134) CH43 38 NLAEQVTAL 77 NLAERVLDL SEQ ID 97 3328927 (SEQ ID 135) CH44 39 YVVGFIIFL — SEQ ID 84 CH45 40 WMMGVVLMI 78 WMLGVVLMI SEQ ID 84 3328486 (SEQ ID 136) CH46 41 NLSISVFLL — SEQ ID 84 CH47 42 VIQAFGDFV — SEQ ID 84 CH48 43 YLALDPDSV identical SEQ ID 84 3328486 (SEQ ID 136) CH49 44 KMSHFQQAL — SEQ ID 93 CH50 45 SLCAQSSYV — SEQ ID 94 CH51 46 NLSRQAFFA — SEQ ID 94 CH52 47 SLLEEHPVV — SEQ ID 95 CH53 48 NLWSHYTDL 79 NLWGCYTEL SEQ ID 95 3329231 (SEQ ID 137) CH54 49 ALWKENQAL 80 ALWINNQPL SEQ ID 95 3328693 (SEQ ID 138) CH55 50 ALWGHNVLL 81 MLWGVMVLL SEQ ID 95 3328402 (SEQ ID 130) CH56 10 NLAGGILSV 82 KLAGFPLSV SEQ ID 95 3329257 (SEQ ID 120) CH57 12 FVSKFWFSL — SEQ ID 91 CH58 14 SITVFRWLV — SEQ ID 91 CH59 16 YLIVFVLTI — SEQ ID 108 CH60 17 VMLFIGLGV — SEQ ID 108 CH61 28 VLFLLIRSV — SEQ ID 108 CH62 31 FLFQLGMQI — SEQ ID 93

TABLE 5 IFN-γ/CD8⁺ ELISpot assay Mean IFN-γ^(+ve) Full-length protein CH peptide Dose (μg/ml) per 10⁶ CD8^(+ve) cells 4377123 6 5 106.8 10 486.8 20 266.6 4377135 7 5 366 10 400 20 433 4377140 10 5 226 10 233.3 20 200 4376998 13 5 466.8 10 700 20 540 4377352 58 5 1046 10 980 20 986

Values are shown after subtraction of HepB negative controls. TABLE 4 PCR primers CH peptides in Full-length sequence Forward primer (SEQ ID^(s) 142-161) Reverse primer (SEQ ID^(s) 162-181) gene C. pneumoniae 4376265 (SEQ ID 106) TGGCTGGATCG1TATGCAG TTAGAAGCCTTTGACTCGC 31 4376395 (SEQ ID 108) GAGAATGCTATGTCATCATCG TTACCTCACTAAAAATTGTTTTAG 33 59 60 61 4376396 (SEQ ID 109) ATCGAGTTTGCTTTTGTTCCTC TTAAAGAGAGGCTACGTCTTCC 34 4376468 (SEQ ID 115) TTTTCACGATGGATCACCCTC CTAGGGGAAATAGGTATATTTG 40 4376482 (SEQ ID 112) CTAGTAGAGTTAGAGGCTC TTATTCTGTGTCTTTCCGCGG 37 4376600 (SEQ ID 83) GGTGAAAAAACAGAAAAGGCC TTATAAATGATCAGGTTGGTTAG 1 4376601 (SEQ ID 84) AATAAGCTACTCAATTTCGTCAGC TTAGAAAATCTGAATTCTTCCTAAAGG 2 44 45 46 47 48 4376603 (SEQ ID 86) CAAAACCAATACGAGCAATTAC TCACGCGACGTAGTAGATTC 4 4376630 (SEQ ID 114) AGCATGACGATCGTTCC TTAGTCTTTAAAGAAGATACTCG 39 4376696 (SEQ ID 93) TTGACTCTAATTTTTGTTATTATTATCG TTAATTCATCTTCGTAAAGAATCTTCC 14 49 62 4376854 (SEQ ID 103) TCAATAGCTATTGCAAGGGAAC TAATTATCGAAATGTCTTTGAATATG 28 4376998 (SEQ ID 92) AAAAAACTCTTAAAGTCGGCG TTAGAACTGAATGACCAGATACG 13 4377033 (SEQ ID 96) GTTAATCCTATTGGTCCAGG TTATTGGAGATAACCAGAATATAG 17 4377123 (SEQ ID 88) AGCAAGCCCTCTCCTCG CTAACGTTTCTTTCCGCTTTTC 6 4377135 (SEQ ID 89) GGAATCTCTCTACCAGAGC TTAGAGTACTTGAGGGTTGG 7 8 4377140 (SEQ ID 90) GTTCGTCGATCTATTTCTTTTTGC CTAACACCCTCAATTTCATTGC 10 11 4377352 (SEQ ID 91) TCACATTTAAATTATTTACTAGAAAAAATCG TTATTTATGTTTTCGAATATCTAGAATTTC 12 57 58 C. trachomatis 332846  (SEQ ID 136) AACAAGCTACTCAACTTTGTC TTAGAAAATTTGAATTCTTCCCAAAG 2 45 48 3328901 (SEQ ID 121) CCAAAAATCGACACTTGTGATTC TTAAGCGGGAGTCCATAGG 27 3329018 (SEQ ID 117) AGCACTCCATCTTCTAATAATTC TTACTTTGCTTTTTTCTTGTTAGAAG 6

Forward primers have formula 5′-gcactgcatggctagc-X-3′, where X is the sequence shown in Table 4.

Reverse primers have formula 5′-gcactgcatggtcgac-X-3′ (C.pneumoniae) or 5′-gcactgcatgacgcgt-X-3′, where X is the sequence shown in Table 4.

Primers were based on available genome sequences cw1029 (C.pneumoniae) and ae001273 (C.trachomatis), with additional NheI and SalI (or MluI) sites at the 5′ and 3′ ends respectively.

References (the Contents of Which are Hereby Incorporated in Full)

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1. A polypeptide for use as an antigen, wherein the polypeptide comprises: (a) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 92, 83-91, 93-141; (b) an amino acid sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence of (a); or (c) an amino acid sequence comprising both (i) a fragment of at least 7 amino acids from an amino acid sequence of (a) and (ii) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 1-10, 12-82.
 2. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein amino acid sequence (c) (ii) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 8, 9, 23, 7, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, and
 50. 3. The polypeptide of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the use is as an antigen for raising a cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte response which is sufficient to protect or treat disease and/or infection caused by C. pneumoniae and/or C. trachomatis.
 4. A method of raising an immune response in a mammal, comprising the step of administering to the mammal a polypeptide comprising: (a) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 92, 83-91, 93-141; (b) an amino acid sequence having at least 50% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence of (a); or (c) an amino acid sequence comprising both (i) a fragment of at least 7 amino acids from an amino acid sequence or (a) and (ii) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 1-10, 12-82.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein amino acid sequence (c)(ii) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 8, 9, 23, 7, 1,2,4,5,6, 10, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, and
 50. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the immune response protects or treats disease and/or infection caused by C. pneumoniae and/or C. trachomatis.
 7. The polypeptide of claim 3, wherein the disease is pneumonia, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, obstructive lung diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, reactive arthritis, otitis media, abdominal aortic aneurysm, erythema nodosum, Reiter syndrome, sarcoidosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, ocular trachoma, pelvic I inflammatory disease, inclusion conjunctivitis, genital trachoma, infant pneumonitis, incipient trachoma, keratitis, papillary hypertrophy, corneal infiltration, vulvovaginitis, mucopurulent rhinitis, salpingitis, cervicitis, cervical follicles, prostatitis, proctitis, urethritis, lymphogranule inguinale, climatic bubo, tropical bubo, and/or esthiomene.
 8. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 1-10, 12-82.
 9. The polypeptide of claim 8, wherein the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 8, 9, 23, 7, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, and
 50. 10. The polypeptide of claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the polypeptide is less than 80 amino acids in length.
 11. A polypeptide having formula NH₂-A-B—C—COOH, wherein: A is a polypeptide sequence consisting of a amino acids; C is a polypeptide sequence consisting of c amino acids; B is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 1-10, 12-82; the polypeptide is not one of SEQ IDs 83-141; and wherein a+c is at least
 1. 12. A polypeptide having formula NH₂-A-(-B—C—)_(n)—COOH, wherein: A is a polypeptide sequence consisting of a amino acids; C is a polypeptide sequence consisting of c amino acids; B is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs
 11. 1-10. 12-82; n is an integer of 2 or more, and wherein each B moiety is the same as or different from the other B moieties and each C moiety is the same as or different from the other C moieties.
 13. The polypeptide of claim 11 or claim 12, wherein B is selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 8, 9, 23, 7, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, and
 50. 14. The polypeptide of claim 11, wherein a+c is at least
 100. 15. The polypeptide of claim 11, wherein a+c is at most
 500. 16. The polypeptide of claim 11, wherein the amino acid sequence of -A- and/or —C— comprises a proteolytic cleavage site.
 17. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ I IDs 11, 1-10, 12-82, with the proviso that the polypeptide does not comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 83-141.
 18. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 8, 9, 23, 7, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13,15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, and 50, with the proviso that the polypeptide does not comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 83-115.
 19. A polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide (a) has at least 50% sequence identity but less than 100% to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 92, 83-91, 93-141, and (b) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 1-10, 12-82.
 20. The polypeptide of claim 19, wherein (b) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 8, 9, 23, 7, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, and
 50. 21. Nucleic acid comprising: (a) a nucleotide sequence which encodes a polypeptide of claim 8, claim 11, claim 12, claim 17, claim 18, or claim 19; or (b) a nucleotide sequence which has at least 50% identity to a nucleotide sequence which encodes a polypeptide of claim 8, claim 11, claim 12, claim 17, claim 18, or claim
 19. 22. A vector comprising nucleic acid of claim
 21. 23. A host cell transfom1ed with the vector of claim
 22. 24. A protein complex, wherein the complex comprises (a) a class I MHC protein; and (b) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 1-82.
 25. The complex of claim 24, wherein (b) is a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 8, 9, 23, 7, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, and
 50. 26. The complex of claim 24, wherein the MHC protein is a human HLA.
 27. A cytotoxic T-cell which can bind to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 1-10, 12-82.
 28. A cytotoxic T-cell which binds to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 8, 9, 23, 7, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, and
 50. 29. The cytotoxic T-cell of claim 27 or claim 28, being a memory cell or an effector cell.
 30. A cellular complex, wherein the complex comprises (a) the T-cell of anyone of claims 26 to 28; (b) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 1-10, 12-82; and (c) a target cell which expresses a class I MHC protein, wherein (c) displays (b) in the context of the class I MHC protein.
 31. A method for activating a naive T cell, comprising presenting a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDs 11, 1-10, 12-82 to said T cell.
 32. A composition comprising (a) a polypeptide according to claim 8, claim 11, claim 12, claim 17, claim 18, or claim 19; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 33. The compositions of claim 32, wherein the composition is sterile and/or pyrogen-free and/or is buffered between pH 6 and pH
 8. 34. The polypeptide of claim 8, claim 11, claim 12, claim 17, claim 18, or claim 19 for use in diagnosis.
 35. A method for diagnosing a Chlamydia infection in a patient, comprising incubating T-cells from the patient with a polypeptide of claim 8, claim 11, claim 12, claim 17, claim 18, or claim 19 and detecting the subsequent presence or absence of T-cell proliferation.
 36. The polypeptide of claim 6, wherein the disease is pneumonia, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, obstructive lung diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, reactive arthritis, otitis media, abdominal aortic aneurysm, erythema nodosum, Reiter syndrome, sarcoidosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, ocular trachoma, pelvic I inflammatory disease, inclusion conjunctivitis, genital trachoma, infant pneumonitis, incipient trachoma, keratitis, papillary hypertrophy, corneal infiltration, vulvovaginitis, mucopurulent rhinitis, salpingitis, cervicitis, cervical follicles, prostatitis, proctitis, urethritis, lymphogranule inguinale, climatic bubo, tropical bubo, and/or esthiomene.
 37. The polypeptide of claim 13, wherein a+c is at least
 100. 38. The polypeptide of claim 13, wherein a+c is at most
 500. 39. A composition comprising (a) a nucleic acid of claim 21; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 